{"id":49070,"date":"2017-07-07T09:00:04","date_gmt":"2017-07-07T01:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pamper.my\/news\/?p=49070"},"modified":"2017-07-05T21:37:41","modified_gmt":"2017-07-05T13:37:41","slug":"much-know-cervical-cancer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pamper.my\/news\/uncategorized\/much-know-cervical-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"How Much Do You Know About Cervical Cancer?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In Malaysia, cervical cancer is among the top three most common cancers and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women. About 2,145 women in the country are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 621 of them die from the disease every year, based on estimates from 2012.<\/p>\n<p>There are over 100 different types of HPV, although not all of them cause health problems. However, HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 cause 90% of all cervical cancers. HPV types 52 and 58 are among the most common types found in Malaysian women.<\/p>\n<p>As most Malaysians are social and mobile-centric users who spend most of their time searching for and consuming content online, the National Cancer Society Malaysia (NCSM) together with Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd (MSD) have organised &#8216;<strong>It\u2019s Your Life, Why Take a Chance&#8217;<\/strong>\u00a0campaign aims to equip women with knowledge on cervical cancer so that they are educated on this preventable cancer. The \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.itsyourlife.net\" target=\"_blank\">It\u2019s Your Life, Why Take a Chance<\/a>\u2019 campaign website and Facebook page have been set up to serve as a resource centre for the public to learn more about cervical cancer.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" name=\"_edn1\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>What is cervical cancer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cervical cancer refers to abnormal cell growth in the lining of the cervix at the lower part of the uterus (womb)<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>According to the latest report in 2012, cervical cancer is now the second most common cause of female cancer in Malaysia<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>About six new cases of cervical cancer is diagnosed in Malaysian women every day and nearly two women die from this dreaded and tragic disease every day<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>The burden of cervical cancer is evident in older females in Malaysia, among the 40-64 age group<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>As cervical cancer takes several years to develop1, prevention of the disease needs to happen before it manifests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What causes cervical cancer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Various strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection (STI), play a role in causing most cervical cancer cases<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>One out of two sexually active adults would have been infected once in their lifetime<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Persistent infection with certain types of HPV can lead to pre-cancerous lesions, which are precursors to cervical cancer. It can take between 15 to 20 years for cervical cancer to develop in women after HPV infection<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genitals or sex organs of women and men<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>HPV types 6 and 11 can cause 90 percent of all genital warts<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>8<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Whereas types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58 can cause the following cancers and diseases:<\/li>\n<li>90 percent of all cervical cancer<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li>90-95 percent of all anal cancer<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li>90 percent of vulvar cancer<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li>90 percent of genital warts<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>12<\/sup><\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li>In Malaysia, types 52 and 58 in particular are amongst the most common HPV types seen in Malaysian females<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>13<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>mber of new HPV-related cancer and disease cases in males and females each year worldwide:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Symptoms often do not begin until a pre-cancer becomes a true invasive cancer and invades nearby tissue<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>11<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>The most common symptoms include:<\/li>\n<li>Abnormal vaginal bleeding; such as bleeding after sex, bleeding after menopause, bleeding and spotting between periods, and having longer or heavier (menstrual) periods than usual<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>11<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>An unusual discharge from the vagina \u2013 the discharge may contain some blood and may occur between periods or after menopause<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>11<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Pain during sex (vaginal intercourse)<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>11<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>How is cervical cancer diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Pap smear (Papanicolaou test) <\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Pap smear is a routine screening test used to find abnormal cell changes of the cervix and to screen for cervical cancer<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Regular Pap smear screening is important in finding and treating the changes in cervical cells before it progresses to cervical cancer<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>Diagnostic tests<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There are a few tests to confirm a diagnosis of cervical cancer:<\/li>\n<li>A colposcopy and cervical biopsy to detect whether and where the cancer cells are on the surface of the cervix<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>18<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>An endocervical biopsy to determine whether there are cancer cells in the cervical canal<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>A cone biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is sometimes recommended to remove cervical tissue for examination under a microscope<em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>18<\/sup><\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>How can cervical cancer be treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Treatment choices for cervical cancer may be a single therapy or a combination of therapies, such as the following<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>19<\/sup><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li>Surgery \u2013 This is used to remove the cancer. The type of surgery would depend on the location and stage of the cancer, as it will determine a patient\u2019s ability to have children<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>19<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Radiation therapy \u2013 This is used for certain stages of cancer as it uses high-dose X-rays or implants in the vaginal cavity to kill cancer cells. This method is also often used in combination with surgery<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>19<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Chemoradiation \u2013 A combination of chemotherapy and radiation. It is often used for the treatment of both early stage and late stage cervical cancer.<\/li>\n<li>Chemotherapy \u2013 This may be used to treat advanced cervical cancer to kill the cancer cells<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>19<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Can cervical cancer be prevented?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cervical cancer may be prevented by:<\/li>\n<li>Vaccination which can protect against certain HPV infections1.<\/li>\n<li>Going for Pap smear screening to find and treat pre-cancers before they become true cancers<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>1<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Reducing the risk of STI, including HPV<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>20<\/sup><\/em><\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>1<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0American Cancer Society. Cervical Cancer Prevention and Early Detection. What is cervical cancer? <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cervicalcancer\/moreinformation\/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection\/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-what-is-cervical-cancer\">http:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/cervicalcancer\/moreinformation\/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection\/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-what-is-cervical-cancer<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>2<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0ICO HPV Information Centre, Human Papillomavirus And Related Diseases Report, Malaysia, February 26th, 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/MYS.pdf\">http:\/\/www.hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/MYS.pdf<\/a>, last accessed on 2nd Dec 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>3<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0The Malaysian Medical Gazette. The Burden of Cervical Cancer and Its Prevention \u2013 Dr John Teo. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mmgazette.com\/the-burden-of-cervical-cancer-and-its-prevention-dr-john-teo\/\">http:\/\/www.mmgazette.com\/the-burden-of-cervical-cancer-and-its-prevention-dr-john-teo\/<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>4<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Mayo Clinic. Cervical Cancer. Overview. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/cervical-cancer\/home\/ovc-20210887\">http:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/cervical-cancer\/home\/ovc-20210887<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>5<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Genital HPV Infection \u2013 Fact Sheet. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/hpv\/stdfact-hpv.htm\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/hpv\/stdfact-hpv.htm<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>6<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0World Health Organisation. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs380\/en\/\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs380\/en\/<\/a>, last accessed on 5th January 2017.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>7<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Basic Information about HPV and Cancer. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/hpv\/basic_info\/\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/cancer\/hpv\/basic_info\/<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>8<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural history of genital warts: analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadfrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. <em>J Infect Dis.<\/em> 2009;199(6):805-814.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>9<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0De Sanjose S, Quint WGV, Alemany L, et al. HPV genotype attribution in invasive cervical cancer: a retrospective cross-sectional worldwide study. <em>Lancet Oncol.<\/em> 2010;11(11): 1048-1056.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>10<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Alemany L, Saunier M, Alvarado-Cabrero I, et al. Human papillomavirus DNA prevalence and type distribution in anal carcinomas worldswide. <em>Int J Cancer<\/em>. 2015;136(1):98-107.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>11<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0De Sanjose S, Alemany L, Ordi J, et al. Worldwide human papillomavirus genotype attribution in over 2000 cases intraepithelial and invasive lesions of the vulva. <em>Eur J Cancer<\/em>. 2013;49(16):3450-3461.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>12<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Alemany L, Saunier M, Tinoco L, et al. Large contribution of human papillomavirus in vaginal neoplastic lesions: a worldwide study in 597 samples. <em>Eur J Cancer<\/em>. 2014;50(16):2846-2854.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>13<\/sup><\/em><\/span>\u00a0Woo, Yin Ling et al. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections among Females and males in Malaysia: MyHPV prevalence Study. <em>Asia-Oceania Research Organization in Genital Infection and Neoplasia <\/em>(2016).<\/p>\n<p><sup><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em>14<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/sup>Forman D et al. <em>Vaccine<\/em>. 2012;30(Suppl 5):F12\u221223. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634690\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634690<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4634690\/\">\/<\/a>, last accessed on 12th January 2017.<\/p>\n<p><em><sup><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">15<\/span>\u00a0<\/sup><\/em>Executive summary: the state of world health, 1995. World Health Organization website. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/XWX.pdf\">http:\/\/<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/www.hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/XWX.pdf\">www.hpvcentre.net\/statistics\/reports\/XWX.pdf<\/a>, last accessed on 12th January 2017<\/p>\n<p><sup><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em>16<\/em><\/span>\u00a0<\/sup>World Health Organization. Report of a technical meeting: the current status of development of prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus infection. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.Guan P et al. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(10):2349-2359. Accessed Jan 12, 2017<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>17<\/sup><\/em><\/span> Executive summary: the state of world health, 1995. World Health Organization website. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/1995\/media_centre\/executive_summary1\/en\/index3.html\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/1995\/media_centre\/executive_summary1\/en\/index3.html<\/a>, last accessed on 12th January 2017<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>18<\/sup><\/em><\/span> WebMD. Cervical Cancer \u2013 Exams and Tests. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-exams-and-tests\">http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-exams-and-tests<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><sup>19<\/sup><\/em><\/span> WebMD. Cervical Cancer \u2013 Treatment Overview. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-treatment-overview\">http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-treatment-overview<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><sup>20<\/sup><\/span><\/em> WebMD. Cervical Cancer \u2013 Prevention. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-prevention\">http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/cancer\/cervical-cancer\/cervical-cancer-prevention<\/a>, last accessed on 22nd December 2016<\/p>\n<p><em>Source: Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme (M) Sdn. Bhd., a subsidiary of Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Read also:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pamper.my\/news\/health\/simple-pap-test-helps-prevent-cervical-cancer\/\" target=\"_blank\">A Simple Pap Test Helps Prevent Cervical Cancer<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In Malaysia, cervical cancer is among the top three most common cancers and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women. About 2,145 women in the country are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 621 of them die from the disease every year, based on estimates from 2012. There are over 100 different types of HPV, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":49074,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[1],"tags":[3848,7771,7770,7769,7772],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How Much Do You Know About Cervical Cancer? | Pamper.My<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pamper.my\/news\/uncategorized\/much-know-cervical-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Much Do You Know About Cervical Cancer? | Pamper.My\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In Malaysia, cervical cancer is among the top three most common cancers and the fifth cause of cancer deaths among women. 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